EDVARD MUNCH

Edvard Munch was born on December 12, 1863, in Norway. In 1864 he moved with his family to the city of Oslo.

He discovered that he was interest in art and in 1881; he enrolled at the Royal School of Art and Design. The next year, he rented a studio and began his first show, at the Industries and Art Exhibition.
 Munch started working on new paintings called ‘The Sick Child’, which he finished in 1886. In what would be seen as the first work to represent Munch’s break from the realist style, the painting symbolically captures intense emotion on the canvas.

From 1889 to 1892, he lived mainly in France, funded by state scholarships; this was the most creative part of his artistic life. It was at this stage that he started a series of paintings that he called ‘the Frieze of Life’, for which he created 22 works for a 1902 Berlin exhibition. With paintings bearing such titles as Melancholy, Jealousy, Despair, Anxiety and The Scream—the last of which, painted in 1893, would go on to become one of the most famous paintings ever produced reflecting Munch’s mental state, and his style changed greatly depending on which emotion had taken hold of him while working on each particular painting. The collection was a huge success, and Munch soon became a well known worldwide.

He moved to a country house in Norway, where he began painting landscapes, living in isolation. He painted right up to his death in 1944.

In May 2012, Munch's The Scream went on the auction block and sold for more than $119 million in New York, a record-breaking price, sealing its reputation as one of the most famous and important works of art ever produced.

Impressionism

Impressionism is a style of painting that began in Paris in 1874. Unlike artists before them, the impressionists painted most of their paintings outdoors and liked to portray natural subjects like trees, fields, and oceans. Impressionists would often take their materials outdoors and paint what they saw. This is called painting “en plein air.”

When impressionists painted pictures of people, they made them look like people you would see every day rather than painting religious figures or royalty seen in museums, galleries and stately homes. They often used their own family and friends as subjects in their paintings.

Before the impressionists, painters usually placed the main subject of their painting focussed in the centre. It was the first thing the viewer looked at and the background was not nearly as important.  Impressionists often put more emphasis on the scene than on the person or main subject of the painting. To do this, they painted the main subject off to the side rather than in the centre. An impressionist painting looks more like a photograph in this way. A photograph captures not only the main subject, but everything around the subject and everything in the photo is important. Photography was just becoming popular in the mid-1800s and influenced the way the impressionists looked at things.

The style was called impressionism because the artists were not as tough about painting a realistic picture. They used many short brush strokes, applying paint thickly, to create the idea, or impression, of a subject. Vincent van Gogh is a good example of this technique. The paint on his canvases is often so thick it looks 3D. When looking at this painting, Starry Night closely, one notices the short brush strokes. Also, the painting is so thick that you can see the shadows from the paint. Because of the quick, short strokes, if you stand very close to an impressionist painting and look at it, often the painting won’t look like anything but a bunch of paint blobs. When you back away from it, though, you can see the whole picture.

Another characteristic of impressionist painting is the study of light. The way light changed the shadows and colours of subjects was of much interest to impressionists. For example, Claude Monet often painted in series, making many pictures of the same subject at different times throughout the day and in different seasons to see how the lighting affected his paintings such as ‘houses of parliament’ which I have painted using ink and water making a  vibrant effect.

Marc Chagall

Marc Chagall was born in 1887 and died in 1985. He was the eldest of nine children and his Jewish family were poor and lived in Western Russia. At 19 Chagall joined a local art school run by Yehuda Pen, who painted realistic scenes and portraits. Chagall soon got a job retouching photographs which earned him money. In 1906-1907 he went to the city of St Petersburg in Russia. He started displaying his work while studying at the School of Imperial Society for the Protection of the Fine Arts. The schools director Nicholai Roerich was very supporting and encouraging. Although, after 2 years, Chagall found that the teaching in the art school was boring, the atmosphere was cold and all around it was depressing. In 1907 he began studying art with Leon Bakst. In October 1909 on one of his visits home he met Bella Rosenfeld. She often appears in his paintings and he later married her. It was at this time that his distinct style that we recognize today began to emerge. In 1910 he moved to Paris for 4 years. Chagall arrived in Paris at a time when Cubism was beginning and cubists encouraged him to use bright colours and experiment with different styles. Even though he lived in Paris, a lot of his inspirations were from his life in Russia. In 1914, Chagall had an exhibition of his own work in Berlin. From there he travelled to Vitebsk, his home town, while he was there, World War 1 broke out and he couldn’t leave. In 1917, the Russian Revolution began and Jews were allowed more freedom which he was very happy about. In 1920 he moved to Moscow and painted a series of murals for the state Jewish chamber theatre. Chagall thought that he did his best work here which included dancers, musicians, acrobats, fiddlers and Jewish figures. Unfortunately, the authorities refused to pay him and he left the country. In 1931, he was invited to Israel by the mayor of Tel Aviv where he started a series of bible illustrations and other inspired works. He travelled to Europe in the mid 1930’s and at the beginning of World War 2; in the middle of 1941 he was rescued by an invitation from the Museum Of Modern Art in New York to come to the United States. Sadly his wife died suddenly in 1944. In 1948 he returned to France and throughout his lifetime he was involved in many big projects around the world.

He was friends with Robert Delaunay, Amadeo Modigliani and Roger de La Fresnave. Delaunay helped Chagall notice geometric shapes and segments of bright colours. Chagall's use of rich and vibrant colours and story-telling aspect of the work is uniquely his own. His paintings were full of strong, bright colours portraying a dreamlike state. This included; Fantasy, nostalgia and religion that began to meld together to

VINCENT VAN GOGH

Vincent Van Gogh - Self Portrait
This picture was painted with oil on canvas in 1887 in Paris. From what is seen, Van Gogh is trying to communicate the use of colour in his self portrait.  The green is an effective background as it is neutral and makes the colour of his eyes stand out and contrasts with the colour of his face. It conveys the feeling of seriousness as for the look on his face and perhaps he wants to emphasise this because of the fact that he uses such a neutral colour.

He has used dashes which creates movement in the picture.  This is because he has used a technique called Pointillism which was devised by Georges Seurat but made a mark on Van Gogh’s own style. There is texture in the picture due to the dashes where lighter colours have been blended in to it such as the colour that he has used for his skin (a peachy colour).  This is repeated in the background, his jacket and there is green in his hair. The green in the background works really well with the other colours in the painting such as the orange of his beard and moustache, his blond hair and the blackness of his coat. Throughout the whole picture he has blended continually green such as in his jacket and his hair. This is very effective as it is continuous and works very well. From a distance you don’t notice the green that he has used, but just see the character in his face and the shadows around his eyes.

Vincent Van Gogh was born in the Netherlands in Zundert his father was a protestant minister, a profession that Vincent found interesting. His sister described him as a ‘serious and introspective child’.

At sixteen, he started to work for an art dealer called Goupil & Co. He was very close to his younger brother, Theo. They sent lots of letters to each other which provided an insight into background to some of his paintings and Theo was a great source of encouragement to Vincent, and shows him to be a talented writer with a keen mind. Theo supported Vincent financially throughout his life. In 1873, his firm transferred him to London, then Paris. He soon became very interested in religion. Due to this, in 1876 Goupil & Co dismissed him for lack of motivation. He became a teaching assistant in Ramsgate in Kent and then returned to Amsterdam to study theology in 1877.  

In 1880, Vincent van Gogh followed the suggestion of his brother Theo and passionately took up painting. For a small period, Vincent took painting lessons from Anton Mauve at The Hague. Although Vincent and Anton soon split over difference of artistic views, his influences remained in his work, notably in the way he played with light and in the looseness of his brush strokes. However his usage of colours, favoring dark tones, set him apart from his teacher.  Impressed and influenced by Jean-Francois Millet, Van Gogh focused on painting peasants and countryside scenes.  He joined an art academy in the winter of 1885-1886 of Antwerp, Belgium but did not find this a success as he was a dismissed after a few months by his Professor. However Van Gogh began to find Japanese art interesting during this period, which he started to keenly collect. He admired its bright colors, use of canvas space and the role lines played in the picture.  Van Gogh made some painting in Japanese style. Also some of the portraits he painted are set against a background which shows Japanese art.

In 1886 Van Gogh went to Paris and moved in with his brother Theo, Here he met the painters Edgar Degas, Camille Pissarro, Bernard, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Paul Gauguin. He discovered impressionism and liked its use of light and color.  Van Gogh is regarded as a post-impressionist, rather than an impressionist.

In 1888, Van Gogh found that city life was too much, left Paris and went to Arles, France. He was impressed with the landscapes there. He decorated a "yellow house" and created a celebrated series of yellow sunflower paintings for this purpose. Van Gogh suffered a mental breakdown and cut off part of his left ear. He began suffering from depression and stayed in a psychiatric centre where the garden became his main art subject and his pencil strokes began to change from dots and small strikes to spiral curves.  On July 27 of the same year, at the age of 37 Van Gogh shot himself in the chest. He died two days later, with Theo at his side.

I have chosen Van Gogh mainly because of his interesting painting techniques and precision in his work. I like how his work is very different and he has used the movements of pointillism and impressionism as they show a great impact in his work though with his swirling patterns in ‘starry night’ he created his own distinctive style. I also like the fact that he took great interest in things that other artists didn't, Gauguin, Degas and Pissarro, such as painting the peasants and Japanese art.  When I did a copy of his work I used chalk pastel which didn’t get the same effect as I would’ve done by using acrylic paint even he used oils though I got the effect of the specs of different colours on his jacket and in the background that he created with his pointillism movement.

PABLO PICASSO

Pablo Picasso was born in Spain; He was a child who was recognised by his art-teacher, father, who kindly guided him. Museo de Picasso in Barcelona was committed mainly to his work early profession as a sculpture.

He was rebellious and, when he was a teenager he was interested in meeting interesting, intelligent characters, he met them in cafes in Barcelona. He spent the next few years going back and forth to Barcelona to Paris ‘the capital of art’, where he met other artists who inspired him such as manet, Gustave Courbet, and Toulouse- Lautrec.

He experimented in different styles of painting such as realism, caricature, the Blue Period and the Rose Period. The Blue Period was sombre with hues of blue and followed the suicide of one of his closest friends. “The Rose Period began around 1904 reflect a change of mood as his paintings brightened up and he painted lots of clowns and circus people.

Picasso went to Holland where he produced classic paintings in the style of Greek art. He was very impresses with the work of Henri Matisse who was making an impact because of his use of his unusual combinations of bright colours and unique style. He was also fascinated by the works of Henri Rousseau whose paintings were very imaginative and colourful. He had another interest in African art.

Cubism is essentially the fragmenting of the three- dimensional forms into flat areas of pattern and colour, overlapping and intertwining so that the shapes and parts of the human anatomy are seen from the front and back at the same time. ‘He created the style with his friend Georges Braque, and their early works were extremely similar.

The Cubism became very popular all around the world for half a century. Picasso experimented with all sorts of techniques including collage.

Picasso was a leading light to the art world and was appointed to be the director of the Prado in Madrid which has one of the finest collections of art in the world. The Republican government in January 1937, asked him to paint a mural for the Spanish pavilion at the world exposition in Paris. This painting is called the Guernica and is about the horrors that he saw during the Spanish civil war. Picasso did gloomy paintings after the Second World War but later did different styles of art and continues to experiment.

CUBISM

Cubism is one of the most significant art movements of the twentieth century, Cubism was created by Pablo Picasso who was Spanish and lived from the years 1882-1973, and George Braque who was French and lived from the years 1882-1963. They were greatly inspired all around the world.

In Cubism the object is broken up, analyzed, and put back together in random positions. Picasso and Braque began the movement when they followed the advice of Paul Cezanne, who in 1904 said artists should treat nature “in terms of the cylinder, the sphere and the cone.”

There were three phases in the development of Cubism: Facet Cubism, Analytical Cubism and Synthetic Cubism.

The term ‘Cubism’ came about after an exhibition of landscapes with simplified shapes which Braque and Raoul Dufy produced in 1908 on a trip to L’Estaque. An art critic Louis Vauxcelles described the works in this way:” M. Braque scorns form and reduces everything, sites, figures and houses, to geometric schemas and cubes.”

An important root of cubism is primitivism, which emphasizes tribal representations like the flattened faces of African masks. This can be seen in Pablo Picasso’s proto-Cubist “Les Demoiselles   D ’Avignon” (1907).

Analytical Cubism was Cubism’s first movement (1908-12). During this time, it is done by pulling an object apart by depicting it from all possible angles on just one such as spheres and cones.

As opposed to analytical Cubism, which deconstructed one object, synthetic Cubism brought multiple objects into the same perspective simultaneously.

Synthetic Cubism marked the first time techniques like collage, decoupage and stuck paper were seen as art.